Class 11 Geography: Geomorphic Processes — Chapter Question Set

(d) Erosion — This is the textbook-supported choice for the question.

(b) Clay — This is the textbook-supported choice for the question.

(c) Rapid flow mass movements — This is the textbook-supported choice for the question.

b) well aware that it has moved and moves vertic — The textbook states: You are well aware that it has moved and moves vertically and horizontally.

a) moving now — The textbook states: Of course, it moved a bit faster in the past than the rate at which it is moving now.

d) surface of the crust — The textbook states: The differences in the internal forces operating from within the earth which built up the crust have been responsible for the variations in the outer surface of the crust.

c) being continuously subjected to external forc — The textbook states: The earth’s surface is being continuously subjected to external forces induced basically by energy (sunlight).

b) still active though with different intensitie — The textbook states: Of course, the internal forces are still active though with different intensities.

a) being continuously subjected to by external f — The textbook states: That means, the earth’s surface is being continuously subjected to by external forces originating within the earth’s atmosphere and by internal forces from within the earth.

d) known as exogenic forces and the internal for — The textbook states: The external forces are known as exogenic forces and the internal forces are known as endogenic forces.

c) on the earth’s surface — The textbook states: The actions of exogenic forces result in wearing down (degradation) of relief/elevations and filling up (aggradation) of basins/ depressions, on the earth’s surface.

b) known as gradation — The textbook states: The phenomenon of wearing down of relief variations of the surface of the earth through erosion is known as gradation.

a) surface of the earth — The textbook states: The endogenic forces continuously elevate or build up parts of the earth’s surface and hence the exogenic processes fail to even out the relief variations of the surface of the earth.

d) and endogenic forces continue — The textbook states: So, variations remain as long as the opposing actions of exogenic and endogenic forces continue.

c) mainly land building forces and the exogenic — The textbook states: In general terms, the endogenic forces are mainly land building forces and the exogenic processes are mainly land wearing forces.

b) it extensively and intensively — The textbook states: Humans depend on it for their sustenance and have been using it extensively and intensively.

a) essential to understand its nature in order t — The textbook states: So, it is essential to understand its nature in order to use it effectively without disturbing its balance and diminishing its potential for the future.

d) sustain the earth’s environment — The textbook states: Almost all organisms contribute to sustain the earth’s environment.

c) over use of resources — The textbook states: However, humans have caused extensive damage to the environment through over use of resources.

b) life through the future — The textbook states: Use we must, but must also leave it potential enough to sustain life through the future.

a) being diminished at a fast rate — The textbook states: Most of the surface of the earth had and has been shaped over very long periods of time (hundreds and thousands of years) and because of its use and misuse by humans its potential is being diminished at a fast rate.

d) shaping the surface of the earth into varieti — The textbook states: If the processes which shaped and are shaping the surface of the earth into varieties of forms (shapes) and the nature of materials of which it is composed of, are understood, precautions can be taken to minimise the detrimental effects of human use and to preserve it for posterity.

c) meaning of geomorphic processes — The textbook states: GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES You would like to know the meaning of geomorphic processes.

b) known as geomorphic processes — The textbook states: The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes .

a) endogenic geomorphic processes — The textbook states: Diastrophism and volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes.

d) in the preceding unit — The textbook states: These have already been discussed in brief in the preceding unit.

c) exogenic geomorphic processes — The textbook states: Weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition are exogenic geomorphic processes.

b) dealt with in detail in this chapter — The textbook states: These exogenic processes are dealt with in detail in this chapter.

a) a geomorphic agent — The textbook states: Any exogenic element of nature (like water, ice, wind, etc.,) capable of acquiring and transporting earth materials can be called a geomorphic agent.

d) them at lower level — The textbook states: When these elements of nature become mobile due to gradients, they remove the materials and transport them over slopes and deposit them at lower level.

c) one and the same — The textbook states: Geomorphic processes and geomorphic agents especially exogenic, unless stated separately, are one and the same.

b) a mobile medium (like running water — The textbook states: An agent is a mobile medium (like running water, moving ice masses, wind, waves and currents etc.) which removes, transports and deposits earth materials.

a) geomorphic agents — The textbook states: Running water , gr oundwater , glaciers, wind, waves and currents, etc., can be called geomorphic agents.

d) essential to distinguish geomorphic agents an — The textbook states: Do you think it is essential to distinguish geomorphic agents and geomorphic processes?

c) on the earth’s materials — The textbook states: Gravity besides being a directional force activating all downslope movements of matter also causes stresses on the earth’s materials.

b) induced currents and winds — The textbook states: Indirect gravitational stresses activate wave and tide induced currents and winds.

a) possible — The textbook states: Without gravity and gradients there would be no mobility and hence no erosion, transportation and deposition are possible.

d) as important as the other geomorphic processe — The textbook states: So, gravitational stresses are as important as the other geomorphic processes.

c) the force that is keeping us in contact with — The textbook states: Gravity is the force that is keeping us in contact with the surface and it is the force that switches on the movement of all surface material on earth.

b) low pressure areas etc — The textbook states: All the movements either within the earth or on the surface of the earth occur due to gradients — from higher levels to lower levels, from high pressure to low pressure areas etc.

a) the main force behind endogenic geomorphic pr — The textbook states: ENDOGENIC PROCESSES The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes.

d) mostly generated by radioactivity — The textbook states: This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction and primordial heat from the origin of the earth.

c) volcanism in the lithosphere — The textbook states: This energy due to geothermal gradients and heat flow from within induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere.

b) not uniform and hence the tectonically contro — The textbook states: Due to variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow from within, crustal thickness and strength, the action of endogenic forces are not uniform and hence the tectonically controlled original crustal surface is uneven.

a) come under diastrophism — The textbook states: Diastrophism All processes that move, elevate or build up portions of the earth’s crust come under diastrophism .

d) severely deformed into folds — The textbook states: In the process of orogeny, the crust is severely deformed into folds.

c) may be simple deformation — The textbook states: Due to epeirogeny, there may be simple deformation.

b) a mountain building process whereas epeirogen — The textbook states: Orogeny is a mountain building process whereas epeirogeny is continental building process.

a) fracturing of the crust — The textbook states: Through the processes of orogeny, epeirogeny, earthquakes and plate tectonics, there can be faulting and fracturing of the crust.

d) PVT — The textbook states: All these processes cause pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) changes which in turn induce metamorphism of rocks.

The differences in the internal forces operating from within the earth which built up the crust have been responsible for the variations in the outer surface of the crust. Biomes and bio-diversity is basically a result of forests (vegetation) and forests depend upon the depth of weathering mantles. What happens to the surface of the earth due to erosion and deposition is elaborated Is weathering solely responsible for soil formation?

Thus, the basic reason that leads to weathering, mass movements, and erosion is development of stresses in the body of the earth materials. The movements of mass may range from slow to rapid, affecting shallow to deep columns of materials and include creep, flow, slide and fall. Landslides These are relatively rapid and perceptible movements.

The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes . Weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition are exogenic geomorphic processes. Geomorphic processes and geomorphic agents especially exogenic, unless stated separately, are one and the same.

SIGNIFICANCE OF WEATHERING Weathering pr ocesses ar e r esponsible for breaking down the rocks into smaller fragments and preparing the way for formation of not only regolith and soils, but also erosion and mass movements. W eathering is an important process in the formation of soils. So, weathering is not a pre-requisite for mass movement though it aids mass movements.

You are well aware that it has moved and moves vertically and horizontally.

Of course, it moved a bit faster in the past than the rate at which it is moving now.

The differences in the internal forces operating from within the earth which built up the crust have been responsible for the variations in the outer surface of the crust.

The earth’s surface is being continuously subjected to external forces induced basically by energy (sunlight).

Of course, the internal forces are still active though with different intensities.

That means, the earth’s surface is being continuously subjected to by external forces originating within the earth’s atmosphere and by internal forces from within the earth.

The external forces are known as exogenic forces and the internal forces are known as endogenic forces.

The actions of exogenic forces result in wearing down (degradation) of relief/elevations and filling up (aggradation) of basins/ depressions, on the earth’s surface.

The phenomenon of wearing down of relief variations of the surface of the earth through erosion is known as gradation.

The endogenic forces continuously elevate or build up parts of the earth’s surface and hence the exogenic processes fail to even out the relief variations of the surface of the earth.

So, variations remain as long as the opposing actions of exogenic and endogenic forces continue.

In general terms, the endogenic forces are mainly land building forces and the exogenic processes are mainly land wearing forces.

Humans depend on it for their sustenance and have been using it extensively and intensively.

So, it is essential to understand its nature in order to use it effectively without disturbing its balance and diminishing its potential for the future.

Almost all organisms contribute to sustain the earth’s environment.

However, humans have caused extensive damage to the environment through over use of resources.

Use we must, but must also leave it potential enough to sustain life through the future.

Most of the surface of the earth had and has been shaped over very long periods of time (hundreds and thousands of years) and because of its use and misuse by humans its potential is being diminished at a fast rate.

If the processes which shaped and are shaping the surface of the earth into varieties of forms (shapes) and the nature of materials of which it is composed of, are understood, precautions can be taken to minimise the detrimental effects of human use and to preserve it for posterity.

GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES You would like to know the meaning of geomorphic processes.

The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes .

The endogenic forces continuously elevate or build up parts of the earth’s surface and hence the exogenic processes fail to even out the relief variations of the surface of the earth. If the processes which shaped and are shaping the surface of the earth into varieties of forms (shapes) and the nature of materials of which it is composed of, are understood, precautions can be taken to minimise the detrimental effects of human use and to preserve it for posterity. GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES You would like to know the meaning of geomorphic processes. The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes . ENDOGENIC PROCESSES The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. As there are different climatic regions owing to variations in thermal gradients created by latitudinal, seasonal, and land and water spread on the surface of the earth, the exogenic geomorphic processes vary from region to region. Finally, it boils down to one fact that the differences on the surface of the earth though originally related to the crustal evolution continue to exist in some form or the other due to differences in the type and structure of earth materials, differences in geomorphic processes and in their rates of operation.

The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes . Weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition are exogenic geomorphic processes. Geomorphic processes and geomorphic agents especially exogenic, unless stated separately, are one and the same. ENDOGENIC PROCESSES The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. As there are different climatic regions owing to variations in thermal gradients created by latitudinal, seasonal, and land and water spread on the surface of the earth, the exogenic geomorphic processes vary from region to region. EXOGENIC PROCESSES The exogenic processes derive their energy from atmosphere determined by the ultimate energy from the sun and also the gradients created by tectonic factors. All the exogenic geomorphic processes are covered under a general term, denudation .

The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes . There are three major groups of weathering processes : (i) chemical; (ii) physical or mechanical; (iii) biological weathering processes. Chemical Weathering Processes A group of weathering processes viz; solution, carbonation, hydration, oxidation and reduction act on the rocks to decompose, dissolve or reduce them to a fine clastic state through chemical reactions by oxygen, surface and/or soil water and other acids. Physical Weathering Processes Physical or mechanical weathering processes depend on some applied forces. Most of the physical weathering processes are caused by thermal expansion and pressure release. SPECIAL EFFECTS OF WEATHERING Exfoliation This has already been explained under physical weathering processes of unloading, thermal contraction and expansion and salt weathering. When rocks undergo weathering, some materials are removed through chemical or physical leaching by groundwater and thereby the concentration of remaining (valuable) materials increases.

Temperature and precipitation are the two important climatic elements that control various processes. W eathering is an important process in the formation of soils. Soil-forming Factors Five basic factors control the formation of soils: (i) parent material; (ii) topography; (iii) climate; (iv) biological activity; (v) time. SOIL FORMATION You see plants gr owing in soils. Climate Climate is an important active factor in soil formation. Is it necessary to separate the process of soil formation and the soil forming control factors? Why are time, topography and parent material considered as passive control factors in soil formation?

You are well aware that it has moved and moves vertically and horizontally. You are well aware that it has moved and moves vertically and horizontally. Of course, it moved a bit faster in the past than the rate at which it is moving now. The differences in the internal forces operating from within the earth which built up the crust have been responsible for the variations in the outer surface of the crust.

Of course, it moved a bit faster in the past than the rate at which it is moving now. You are well aware that it has moved and moves vertically and horizontally. Of course, it moved a bit faster in the past than the rate at which it is moving now. The differences in the internal forces operating from within the earth which built up the crust have been responsible for the variations in the outer surface of the crust. The earth’s surface is being continuously subjected to external forces induced basically by energy (sunlight).

The differences in the internal forces operating from within the earth which built up the crust have been responsible for the variations in the outer surface of the crust. Of course, it moved a bit faster in the past than the rate at which it is moving now. The differences in the internal forces operating from within the earth which built up the crust have been responsible for the variations in the outer surface of the crust. The earth’s surface is being continuously subjected to external forces induced basically by energy (sunlight). Of course, the internal forces are still active though with different intensities.