Class 11 Geography: Structure and Physiography — Chapter Question Set

(c) 10°° Channel — This is the textbook-supported choice for the question.

(a) Nilgiri hills — This is the textbook-supported choice for the question.

c) a very long time — The textbook states: The earth and its landforms that we see today have evolved over a very long time.

b) 4600 million — The textbook states: Current estimation shows that the earth is approximately 4600 million years old.

a) endogenic and exogenic forces — The textbook states: Over these long years, it has undergone many changes brought about primarily by the endogenic and exogenic forces.

d) features of the earth — The textbook states: These forces have played a significant role in giving shape to various surface and subsurface features of the earth.

c) 2024 — The textbook states: You have already studied about the Plate Tectonics and the movement of the Earth’s plates in the book (NC ERT, 2024).

b) Indian — The textbook states: Do you know that the Indian plate was to the south of the equator millions of years ago?

a) Australian — The textbook states: Do you also know that it was much larger in size and the Australian plate was a part of it?

d) Australian — The textbook states: Over millions of years, this plate broke into many parts and the Australian plate moved towards the southeastern direction and the Indian plate to the north.

c) Indian — The textbook states: Can you map different phases in the movement of the Indian plate?

b) Indian — The textbook states: This northward movement of the Indian plate is still continuing and it has significant consequences on the physical environment of the Indian subcontinent.

a) Indian — The textbook states: Can you name some important consequences of the northward movement of the Indian plate?

d) Indian — The textbook states: It is primarily through the interplay of these endogenic and exogenic forces and lateral movements of the plates that the present geological structure and geomorphologic processes active in the Indian subcontinent came into existence.

c) India — The textbook states: Based on the variations in its geological structure and formations, India can be divided into three geological divisions.

b) The Penisular Block — The textbook states: These geological regions broadly follow the physical features: (i) The Penisular Block (ii) The Himalayas and other Peninuslar Mountains (iii) Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain.

a) Peninsular Block — The textbook states: THE PENINSULAR BLOCK The northern boundary of the Peninsular Block may be taken as an irregular line running from Kachchh along the western flank of the Aravali Range near Delhi and then roughly parallel to the Yamuna and the Ganga as far as the Rajmahal Hills and the Ganga delta.

d) Karbi Anglong — The textbook states: Apart from these, the Karbi Anglong and the Meghalaya Plateau in the northeast and Rajasthan in the west are also extensions of this block.

c) Malda — The textbook states: The northeastern parts are separated by the Malda fault in West Bengal from the Chotanagpur plateau.

b) features overlay this block — The textbook states: In Rajasthan, the desert and other desert– like features overlay this block.

a) formed essentially by a great complex of very — The textbook states: The Peninsula is formed essentially by a great complex of very ancient gneisses and granites, which constitutes a major part of it.

d) Cambrian — The textbook states: Since the Cambrian period, the Peninsula has been standing like a rigid block with the exception of some of its western coast which is submerged beneath the sea and some other parts changed due to tectonic activity without affecting the original basement.

c) Indo — The textbook states: As a part of the Indo-Australian Plate, it has been subjected to various vertical movements and block faulting.

b) Narmada — The textbook states: The rift valleys of the Narmada, the Tapi and the Mahanadi and the Satpura block STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY mountains are some examples of it.

a) Aravali — The textbook states: The Peninsula mostly consists of relict and residual mountains like the Aravali hills, the Nallamala hills, the Javadi hills, the Veliconda hills, the Palkonda range and the Mahendragiri hills, etc.

d) shallow with low gradients — The textbook states: The river valleys here are shallow with low gradients.

c) 2025 — The textbook states: You are aware of the method of calculating the gradient as a part of your study of the book Practical Work in Geography– Part I (NCERT, 2025).

b) Himalayan — The textbook states: Can you calculate the gradient of the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers and draw the comparisons?

a) Bay — The textbook states: Most of the east flowing rivers form deltas before entering into the Bay of Bengal.

d) Mahanadi — The textbook states: The deltas formed by the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Kaveri and the Godavari are important examples.

c) still subjected to the interplay of exogenic — The textbook states: Consequently, they are still subjected to the interplay of exogenic and endogenic forces, resulting in the development of faults, folds and thrust plains.

b) tectonic in origin — The textbook states: These mountains are tectonic in origin, dissected by fast-flowing rivers which are in their youthful stage.

a) valleys, rapids, waterfalls, etc — The textbook states: Various landforms like gorges, V-shaped valleys, rapids, waterfalls, etc.

d) GANGA — The textbook states: INDO-GANGA-BRAHMAPUTRA PLAIN The third geological division of India comprises the plains formed by the river Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

c) 64 million — The textbook states: Originally, it was a geo-synclinal depression which attained its maximum development during the third phas e of the Himalayan mountain formation approximately about 64 million years ago.

b) Himalayan — The textbook states: Since then, it has been gradually filled by the sediments brought by the Himalayan and Peninsular rivers.

a) 1,000 — The textbook states: Average depth of alluvial deposits in these plains ranges from 1,000-2,000 m.

d) India — The textbook states: It is evident from the above discussion that there are significant variations among the different regions of India in terms of their geological structure, which has far-reaching impact upon other related aspects.

c) important among these — The textbook states: Variations in the physiography and relief are important among these.

b) India — The textbook states: The relief and physiography of India has been greatly influenced by the geological and geomorphological processes active in the Indian subcontinent.

a) the outcome of structure — The textbook states: PHYSIOGRAPHY ‘Physiography’ of an area is the outcome of structure, process and the stage of development.

d) India — The textbook states: The land of India is characterised by great diversity in its physical features.

c) valleys and deep gorges — The textbook states: The north has a vast expanse of rugged topography consisting of a series of mountain ranges with varied peaks, beautiful valleys and deep gorges.

b) Indian — The textbook states: In between these two lies the vast north Indian plain.

a) Northeastern Mountains The North — The textbook states: The North and Northeastern Mountains The North and Northeastern Mountains consist of the Himalayas and the Northeastern hills.

d) of parallel mountain ranges — The textbook states: The Himalayas consist of a series of parallel mountain ranges.

c) Greater Himalayan — The textbook states: Some of the important ranges are the Greater Himalayan range, which includes the Great Himalayas and the Shiwalik.

b) India — The textbook states: The general orientation of these ranges is from northwest to the southeast direction in the northwestern part of India.

a) Darjiling — The textbook states: Himalayas in the Darjiling and Sikkim regions lie in an eastwest direction, while in Arunachal Pradesh they are from southwest to the northwest direction.

d) Manipur — The textbook states: In Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, they are in the northsouth direction.

The western coastal plains are an example of submerged coastal plain. The rivers flowing through this coastal plain do not form any delta. As compared to the western coastal plain, the eastern coastal plain is broader and is an example of an emergent coast.

Can you name some important consequences of the northward movement of the Indian plate? Some of the important ranges are the Greater Himalayan range, which includes the Great Himalayas and the Shiwalik. Can you find some other examples of similar geoenvironmental divide in the world?

The western coastal plains are an example of submerged coastal plain. The rivers flowing through this coastal plain do not form any delta. As compared to the western coastal plain, the eastern coastal plain is broader and is an example of an emergent coast.

The earth and its landforms that we see today have evolved over a very long time.

Current estimation shows that the earth is approximately 4600 million years old.

Over these long years, it has undergone many changes brought about primarily by the endogenic and exogenic forces.

These forces have played a significant role in giving shape to various surface and subsurface features of the earth.

You have already studied about the Plate Tectonics and the movement of the Earth’s plates in the book (NC ERT, 2024).

Do you know that the Indian plate was to the south of the equator millions of years ago?

Do you also know that it was much larger in size and the Australian plate was a part of it?

Over millions of years, this plate broke into many parts and the Australian plate moved towards the southeastern direction and the Indian plate to the north.

Can you map different phases in the movement of the Indian plate?

This northward movement of the Indian plate is still continuing and it has significant consequences on the physical environment of the Indian subcontinent.

Can you name some important consequences of the northward movement of the Indian plate?

It is primarily through the interplay of these endogenic and exogenic forces and lateral movements of the plates that the present geological structure and geomorphologic processes active in the Indian subcontinent came into existence.

Based on the variations in its geological structure and formations, India can be divided into three geological divisions.

These geological regions broadly follow the physical features: (i) The Penisular Block (ii) The Himalayas and other Peninuslar Mountains (iii) Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain.

THE PENINSULAR BLOCK The northern boundary of the Peninsular Block may be taken as an irregular line running from Kachchh along the western flank of the Aravali Range near Delhi and then roughly parallel to the Yamuna and the Ganga as far as the Rajmahal Hills and the Ganga delta.

Apart from these, the Karbi Anglong and the Meghalaya Plateau in the northeast and Rajasthan in the west are also extensions of this block.

The northeastern parts are separated by the Malda fault in West Bengal from the Chotanagpur plateau.

In Rajasthan, the desert and other desert– like features overlay this block.

The Peninsula is formed essentially by a great complex of very ancient gneisses and granites, which constitutes a major part of it.

Since the Cambrian period, the Peninsula has been standing like a rigid block with the exception of some of its western coast which is submerged beneath the sea and some other parts changed due to tectonic activity without affecting the original basement.

As a part of the Indo-Australian Plate, it has been subjected to various vertical movements and block faulting.

The rift valleys of the Narmada, the Tapi and the Mahanadi and the Satpura block STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY mountains are some examples of it.

The northeastern parts are separated by the Malda fault in West Bengal from the Chotanagpur plateau. Since the Cambrian period, the Peninsula has been standing like a rigid block with the exception of some of its western coast which is submerged beneath the sea and some other parts changed due to tectonic activity without affecting the original basement. Most of the east flowing rivers form deltas before entering into the Bay of Bengal. Name some rivers of the Peninsular plateau which have their confluence in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea and mention some landforms which are typical to the east flowing rivers but are absent in the west flowing rivers. There are welldeveloped deltas here, formed by the rivers flowing eastward in to the Bay of Bengal. The Bay of Bengal island groups consist of about 572 islands/islets. The two principal groups of islets include the Ritchie’s archipelago and the Labrynth island.

These forces have played a significant role in giving shape to various surface and subsurface features of the earth. INDO-GANGA-BRAHMAPUTRA PLAIN The third geological division of India comprises the plains formed by the river Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These plains have characteristic features of mature stage of fluvial erosional and depositional landforms such as sand bars, meanders, oxbow lakes and braided channels. These river valley plains have a fertile alluvial soil cover which supports a variety of crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane and jute, and hence, supports a large population. The Peninsular Plateau Rising from the height of 150 m above the river plains up to an elevation of 600-900 m is the irregular triangle known as the Peninsular plateau. Some of the important physiographic features of this region are tors, block mountains, rift valleys, spurs, bare rocky structures, series of hummocky hills and wall-like quartzite dykes offering natural sites for water storage. On the basis of the location and active geomorphological processes, it can be broadly divided into two: (i) the western coastal plains; (ii) the eastern coastal plains.

These forces have played a significant role in giving shape to various surface and subsurface features of the earth. You have already studied about the Plate Tectonics and the movement of the Earth’s plates in the book (NC ERT, 2024). These geological regions broadly follow the physical features: (i) The Penisular Block (ii) The Himalayas and other Peninuslar Mountains (iii) Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain. THE PENINSULAR BLOCK The northern boundary of the Peninsular Block may be taken as an irregular line running from Kachchh along the western flank of the Aravali Range near Delhi and then roughly parallel to the Yamuna and the Ganga as far as the Rajmahal Hills and the Ganga delta. INDO-GANGA-BRAHMAPUTRA PLAIN The third geological division of India comprises the plains formed by the river Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. The mouths of these mighty rivers also form some of the largest deltas of the world, for example, the famous Sunderbans delta. The states of Haryana and Delhi form a water divide between the Indus and the Ganga river systems.

The earth and its landforms that we see today have evolved over a very long time. The earth and its landforms that we see today have evolved over a very long time. Current estimation shows that the earth is approximately 4600 million years old. Over these long years, it has undergone many changes brought about primarily by the endogenic and exogenic forces.

Current estimation shows that the earth is approximately 4600 million years old. The earth and its landforms that we see today have evolved over a very long time. Current estimation shows that the earth is approximately 4600 million years old. Over these long years, it has undergone many changes brought about primarily by the endogenic and exogenic forces. These forces have played a significant role in giving shape to various surface and subsurface features of the earth.

Over these long years, it has undergone many changes brought about primarily by the endogenic and exogenic forces. Current estimation shows that the earth is approximately 4600 million years old. Over these long years, it has undergone many changes brought about primarily by the endogenic and exogenic forces. These forces have played a significant role in giving shape to various surface and subsurface features of the earth. You have already studied about the Plate Tectonics and the movement of the Earth’s plates in the book (NC ERT, 2024).

These forces have played a significant role in giving shape to various surface and subsurface features of the earth. Over these long years, it has undergone many changes brought about primarily by the endogenic and exogenic forces. These forces have played a significant role in giving shape to various surface and subsurface features of the earth. You have already studied about the Plate Tectonics and the movement of the Earth’s plates in the book (NC ERT, 2024). Do you know that the Indian plate was to the south of the equator millions of years ago?