Class 11 Physical Education: Unit 7 — Fundamentals Of Anatomy And Physiology In Sports

c) tendons

a) decreases the angle at a joint

a) ball and socket joint

c) tissues of the body

a) pleura

b) cube-shaped

b) formation of blood cells

d) 300

c) calcium

a) immovable joints

c) fibrous joints

a) hinge joint

c) 3

b) Skeletal muscle

b) contractility

d) 300

a) 206

b) rigid

a) more flexible

a) muscle to bone

b) bone to bone

a) vertebral column, rib cage, skull

b) shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs

b) formation of blood cells

a) dense and smooth

a) small needle-like pieces

a) Stapes

a) two bones meet

a) immovable

b) slightly movable

c) freely movable

a) immovable

c) freely movable

a) tooth and its socket

b) cartilage

c) 40%

a) Striated muscles

a) Voluntary

a) Hollow organs

a) Heart

a) Respond to a stimulus

b) Shorten forcefully

c) Stretch

d) Recoil to original length

a) Gluteus maximus

d) All of the above

c) Four

b) Ventricles

a) Atria

a) Septum

Anatomy is a science that deals with the structure of the body and the relationship between the body parts. It is derived from Greek words "Ana" (apart) and "tomy" (to cut), referring to dissection.

Physiology is the scientific study of the functions of human beings. It is derived from Greek words "physio" (nature) and "logio" (study of). It deals with the detailed functioning of the body and its parts.

The functions of the skeletal system include: providing shape and support to the body, allowing movement, protecting soft internal organs, serving as a storehouse of minerals, and forming blood cells (haemopoiesis).

Based on shape and size, bones are classified as: Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones, and Sesamoid bones.

Based on structure, joints are classified as: Fibrous joints (immovable), Cartilaginous joints (slightly movable), and Synovial joints (freely movable).

Synovial joints are classified as: Ball and socket joint, Hinge joint, Pivot joint, Plane or Gliding joint, Saddle joint, and Condyloid joint.

The three types of muscles are: Skeletal muscles (striated, voluntary), Smooth muscles (non-striated, involuntary), and Cardiac muscles (striated, involuntary, found only in the heart).

The four major functional properties of skeletal muscles are: Excitability (ability to respond to a stimulus), Contractility (ability to shorten forcefully), Extensibility (ability to stretch), and Elasticity (ability to recoil to original length).

The circulatory system is responsible for the transportation of gases - oxygenated blood from heart to body cells and deoxygenated blood back to the heart, and deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and oxygenated blood back.

The respiratory system consists of: The nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm.

INTRODUCTION:
Anatomy and Physiology provide essential knowledge about body structure and functions for sports.
MAIN POINTS WITH EXPLANATIONS:
1. Helps in Physical Fitness:
Understanding principles helps learn body functioning for acquiring fit and healthy body.
2. Provides Knowledge about Body Structure:
Assess strengths and weaknesses to design exercise routines based on body structure.
3. Provides Knowledge about Organ Functions:
Equips with knowledge about body systems to train for optimal functioning.
4. Helps in Selection of Games:
Based on body structure, choose appropriate sports like basketball for tall persons.
5. Protects from Sports Injuries:
Protective equipment designed based on anatomy knowledge for player safety.
6. Helps in Rehabilitation:
Helps recover from injuries and attain pre-injury level with proper knowledge.
7. Helps in Maintaining Healthy Body:
Provides information about good and bad posture while sitting, standing, running.
8. Helps Learn Individual Differences:
Understanding physiological differences helps design equipment differently for male and female.
CONCLUSION:
Anatomy and Physiology are fundamental for fitness, injury prevention, and performance enhancement.

INTRODUCTION:
The human skeletal system consists of 206 bones classified into five types based on shape and size.
MAIN POINTS WITH EXPLANATIONS:
1. Long Bones:
Hard, dense, cylindrical bones with more length than width providing strength and mobility.
2. Long Bones Examples:
Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, metacarpals, and phalanges.
3. Short Bones:
Cube-like shape with equal length, width, thickness; limited motion, glide on one another.
4. Short Bones Examples:
Carpals in wrist and tarsals in ankles are examples of short bones.
5. Flat Bones:
Thin and usually curved bones forming bony cage to protect soft internal organs.
6. Flat Bones Examples:
Cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula, and hipbone are flat bones.
7. Irregular Bones:
Vary in shape and structure; complex shape helps protect internal organs.
8. Irregular Bones Examples:
Vertebrae protect spinal cord; some skull bones are irregular bones.
9. Sesamoid Bones:
Small, round bones embedded in tendons; only patella is known as sesamoid bone.
CONCLUSION:
Each bone type serves specific structural and protective functions in the human body.

INTRODUCTION:
Synovial joints are freely movable joints classified according to the shape of articulating surfaces.
MAIN POINTS WITH EXPLANATIONS:
1. Ball and Socket Joint:
Ball-shaped head fits into cup-like socket; allows greatest range of movement including rotation.
2. Ball and Socket Examples:
Hip joint and shoulder joint allow overhead clear in badminton or bowling in cricket.
3. Hinge Joint:
Cylindrical end fits into rough surface; allows back-and-forth movement like a hinge.
4. Hinge Joint Examples:
Elbow and knee joints allow extension and flexion for building biceps and triceps.
5. Pivot Joint:
Allows only rotary movement around a single axis; one bone rotates within a ring.
6. Pivot Joint Examples:
Joint between first and second cervical vertebrae allows turning head from side to side.
7. Plane or Gliding Joint:
Flat or nearly flat surfaces allow bones to glide past one another in any direction.
8. Saddle Joint:
Saddle-shaped surface with convex and concave areas; allows rocking with limited rotation.
9. Condyloid Joint:
Egg-shaped surface fits into oval cavity; allows side to side and back and forth movement.
CONCLUSION:
Each synovial joint type enables specific movements essential for sports and daily activities.

INTRODUCTION:
The respiratory system consists of organs responsible for breathing and gas exchange.
MAIN POINTS WITH EXPLANATIONS:
1. Nose and Nasal Cavity:
Nose is visible structure; nasal cavity extends to pharynx divided by septum into right and left.
2. Pharynx:
Common passageway of digestive and respiratory systems divided into three regions.
3. Larynx and Trachea:
Larynx is voice box with nine cartilages; Trachea is windpipe with connective tissues.
4. Bronchi and Bronchioles:
Trachea divides into left and right bronchi; bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles.
5. Alveoli:
Small grape-like sacs attached to alveolar ducts where gas exchange takes place.
6. Lungs:
Principal organs of respiration; right lung has three lobes, left lung has two.
7. Diaphragm:
Thin skeletal muscle separating abdomen from chest; contracts during inhalation.
8. Ventilation:
Movement of air into and out of lungs through inhalation and exhalation.
9. Gas Exchange:
External respiration between air in lungs and blood; internal respiration between blood and tissues.
CONCLUSION:
The respiratory system works efficiently to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body.