Class 11 Political Science: Federalism — Chapter Question Set

(a) division of powers among the centre and the States, — This is the textbook-supported choice for the question.

(a) Common Language — This is the textbook-supported choice for the question.

c) 1947 — The textbook states: 150 Indian Constitution at Work Chapter Seven FEDERALISM INTRODUCTION Look at the political maps (on next two pages) of India 1947 and 2017.

b) States — The textbook states: Boundaries of States have changed, names of States have changed, and the number of States has changed.

a) British — The textbook states: When India became independent, we had a number of provinces that the British government had organised only for administrative convenience.

d) Indian — The textbook states: Then a number of princely states merged with the newly independent Indian union.

c) States — The textbook states: Since then boundaries of States have been reorganised many times.

b) States — The textbook states: During this entire period, not only did boundaries of States change, but in some cases, even their names changed according to the wishes of the people of those States.

a) Mysore — The textbook states: Thus, Mysore changed to Karnataka and Madras became Tamil Nadu.

d) of over seventy years — The textbook states: The maps show these large scale changes that have taken place in the span of over seventy years.

c) India — The textbook states: In a way, these maps also tell us the story of functioning of federalism in India.

b) 1947 — The textbook states: 151 Chapter 7: Federalism INDIA IN 1947 152 Indian Constitution at Work 153 Chapter 7: Federalism WHAT IS FEDERALISM?

a) 1989 — The textbook states: USSR was one of the world’s super powers, but after 1989 it simply broke up into several independent countries.

d) Russia — The textbook states: One of the major reasons for its break up was the excessive centrali sation and concentration of power, and the domination of Russia over other regions with independent languages and cultures of their own e.g.

c) Czechoslovakia — The textbook states: Some other countries like Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Pakistan also had to face a division of the country.

b) English — The textbook states: Canada came very close to a break up between the English-speaking and the French-speaking regions of that country.

a) 1947 — The textbook states: Isn’t it a great achievement that India, which emerged as an independent nation-state in 1947 after a painful partition, has remained united over seven decades of its independent existence?

d) India — The textbook states: Can we attribute it to the federal structure of governance that we in India adopted through our Constitution?

c) federations — The textbook states: All the countries mentioned above, were federations.

b) also be important factors — The textbook states: Therefore, apart from adopting a federal constitution, the nature of that federal system and the practice of federalism must also be important factors.

a) West Indies You — The textbook states: Federalism in West Indies You may have heard about the cricket team of West Indies.

d) West Indies — The textbook states: Like India, West Indies was also colonised by the British.

c) 1958 — The textbook states: In 1958, the federation of West Indies came into being.

b) independent — The textbook states: It had a weak central government and the economy of each unit was independent.

a) 1962 — The textbook states: These features and political competition among the units led to the formal dissolution of the federation in 1962.

d) 1973 — The textbook states: Later, in 1973 by Treaty of Chiguaramas the independent islands established joint authorities in the form of a common legislature, supreme court, a common currency, and, to a degree, a common market known as the Caribbean Community.

c) Heads — The textbook states: The Caribbean Community has even a common executive, and Heads of the governments of member countries are members of this executive.

b) can they live separately! — The textbook states: Thus, the units could neither live together as one country, nor can they live separately!

a) Indian Constitution — The textbook states: 154 Indian Constitution at Work India is a land of continental proportions and immense diversities.

d) more than 20 major languages and several hund — The textbook states: There are more than 20 major languages and several hundred minor ones.

c) several million indigenous peoples living in — The textbook states: There are several million indigenous peoples living in different parts of the country.

b) a common land mass — The textbook states: In spite of all these diversities we share a common land mass.

a) we fought for independence — The textbook states: We have also participated in a common history, especially, when we fought for independence.

d) India — The textbook states: This has led our national leaders to visualise India as a country where there is unity in diversity.

c) applied — The textbook states: Federalism does not consist of a set of fixed principles, which are applied, to different historical situations.

b) differently in different situations — The textbook states: Rather, federalism as a principle of government has evolved differently in different situations.

a) German — The textbook states: American federalism – one of the first major attempts to build a federal polity – is different from German or Indian federalism.

d) also a few key ideas and concepts associated — The textbook states: But there are also a few key ideas and concepts associated with federalism.

c) Essentially — The textbook states: ± Essentially, federalism is an institutional mechanism to accommodate two sets of polities —one at the regional level and the other at the national level.

b) even a system of dual citizenship — The textbook states: In some federal countries, there is even a system of dual citizenship.

a) Gujaratis — The textbook states: ± The people likewise, have two sets of identities and loyalties—they belong to the region as well as the nation, for example we are Gujaratis or Jharkhandis as well as Indians.

d) separate system of government — The textbook states: Each level of the polity has distinct powers and responsibilities and has a separate system of government.

c) generally spelt out in a written constitution — The textbook states: ± The details of this dual system of government are generally spelt out in a written constitution, which is considered to be supreme and which is also the source of the power of both sets of government.

b) the responsibility of the union or central go — The textbook states: Certain subjects, which concern the nation as a whole, for example, defence or currency, are the responsibility of the union or central government.

a) XII — The textbook states: We have our identity as students of class XI or XII and so on.

d) among the various divisions — The textbook states: And we also have competition among the various divisions.

c) proud of it — The textbook states: But we all belong to the school and are proud of it.

b) Chapter — The textbook states: 155 Chapter 7: Federalism matters are the responsibility of the regional or State government.

a) State — The textbook states: ± To prevent conflicts between the centre and the State, there is an independent judiciary to settle disputes .

d) States — The textbook states: The judiciary has the powers to resolve disputes between the central government and the States on legal matters about the division of power.

Many States (Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal) and many parties (DMK, Akali Dal, CPI-M) have made demands of autonomy from time to time. In 1977, the Left Front Government in West Bengal brought out a document demanding a restructuring of centre-State relations in India. The carving out of Haryana from the erstwhile State of Punjab has led to dispute between the two States not only over border areas, but over the capital city of Chandigarh.

American federalism – one of the first major attempts to build a federal polity – is different from German or Indian federalism. 158 Indian Constitution at Work Division of Powers There are two sets of government created by the Indian Constitution: one for the entire nation called the union government (central government) and one for each unit or State called the State government. CONFLICTS IN INDIA’S FEDERAL SYSTEM In the previous section, we have seen that the Constitution has vested very strong powers in the centre.

150 Indian Constitution at Work Chapter Seven FEDERALISM INTRODUCTION Look at the political maps (on next two pages) of India 1947 and 2017. 151 Chapter 7: Federalism INDIA IN 1947 152 Indian Constitution at Work 153 Chapter 7: Federalism WHAT IS FEDERALISM? Can we attribute it to the federal structure of governance that we in India adopted through our Constitution?

The Parliament is empowered to ‘form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States…’. The all-India services are common to the entire territory of India and officers chosen for these services serve in the administration of the States. Thus Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar were divided to create three new States.

157 Chapter 7: Federalism FEDERALISM IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION Even before Independence, most leaders of our national movement were aware that to govern a large country like ours, it would be necessary to divide the powers between provinces and the central government. 158 Indian Constitution at Work Division of Powers There are two sets of government created by the Indian Constitution: one for the entire nation called the union government (central government) and one for each unit or State called the State government. ± Cyber Laws Union Legislature alone has the power to legislate on such matters 160 Indian Constitution at Work FEDERALISM WITH A STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT It is generally accepted that the Indian Constitution has created a strong central government.

Since then boundaries of States have been reorganised many times. Thus, the central government has many revenue sources and the States are mostly dependent on the grants and financial assistance from the centre. Once the principle of identity of the State is accepted, it is quite natural that the States would expect a greater role and powers in the governance of the State and the country as a whole.

158 Indian Constitution at Work Division of Powers There are two sets of government created by the Indian Constitution: one for the entire nation called the union government (central government) and one for each unit or State called the State government. 18 September 1949 166 Indian Constitution at Work Role of Governors and President’s Rule The role of Governors has always been a controversial issue between the States and the central government. Some cases went to the Supreme Court and the Court has ruled that constitutional validity of the decision to impose President’s rule can be examined by the judiciary.

While the legal disputes between the centre and the States (or between States) can be resolved by the judiciary, demands for autonomy are of political nature and need to be resolved through negotiations. It resulted in demands for greater powers and greater autonomy to the States. Demands for Autonomy Many States and even many political parties have, from time to time, demanded that States should have more autonomy vis-à-vis the central gov ernment.

Some other countries like Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Pakistan also had to face a division of the country. And yet, the Constitution has some special provisions for some States given their peculiar social and historical circumstances. Special provisions also exist for hilly States like Himachal Pradesh and some other States like Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra Sikkim and Telangana.

150 Indian Constitution at Work Chapter Seven FEDERALISM INTRODUCTION Look at the political maps (on next two pages) of India 1947 and 2017.

They have changed dramatically over the years.

Boundaries of States have changed, names of States have changed, and the number of States has changed.

When India became independent, we had a number of provinces that the British government had organised only for administrative convenience.

Then a number of princely states merged with the newly independent Indian union.

Since then boundaries of States have been reorganised many times.

During this entire period, not only did boundaries of States change, but in some cases, even their names changed according to the wishes of the people of those States.

Thus, Mysore changed to Karnataka and Madras became Tamil Nadu.

The maps show these large scale changes that have taken place in the span of over seventy years.

In a way, these maps also tell us the story of functioning of federalism in India.

151 Chapter 7: Federalism INDIA IN 1947 152 Indian Constitution at Work 153 Chapter 7: Federalism WHAT IS FEDERALISM?

USSR was one of the world’s super powers, but after 1989 it simply broke up into several independent countries.

One of the major reasons for its break up was the excessive centrali sation and concentration of power, and the domination of Russia over other regions with independent languages and cultures of their own e.g.

Some other countries like Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Pakistan also had to face a division of the country.

Canada came very close to a break up between the English-speaking and the French-speaking regions of that country.

Isn’t it a great achievement that India, which emerged as an independent nation-state in 1947 after a painful partition, has remained united over seven decades of its independent existence?

150 Indian Constitution at Work Chapter Seven FEDERALISM INTRODUCTION Look at the political maps (on next two pages) of India 1947 and 2017. 150 Indian Constitution at Work Chapter Seven FEDERALISM INTRODUCTION Look at the political maps (on next two pages) of India 1947 and 2017. They have changed dramatically over the years. Boundaries of States have changed, names of States have changed, and the number of States has changed.

They have changed dramatically over the years. 150 Indian Constitution at Work Chapter Seven FEDERALISM INTRODUCTION Look at the political maps (on next two pages) of India 1947 and 2017. They have changed dramatically over the years. Boundaries of States have changed, names of States have changed, and the number of States has changed. When India became independent, we had a number of provinces that the British government had organised only for administrative convenience.

Boundaries of States have changed, names of States have changed, and the number of States has changed. They have changed dramatically over the years. Boundaries of States have changed, names of States have changed, and the number of States has changed. When India became independent, we had a number of provinces that the British government had organised only for administrative convenience. Then a number of princely states merged with the newly independent Indian union.

When India became independent, we had a number of provinces that the British government had organised only for administrative convenience. Boundaries of States have changed, names of States have changed, and the number of States has changed. When India became independent, we had a number of provinces that the British government had organised only for administrative convenience. Then a number of princely states merged with the newly independent Indian union. Since then boundaries of States have been reorganised many times.

Then a number of princely states merged with the newly independent Indian union. When India became independent, we had a number of provinces that the British government had organised only for administrative convenience. Then a number of princely states merged with the newly independent Indian union. Since then boundaries of States have been reorganised many times. During this entire period, not only did boundaries of States change, but in some cases, even their names changed according to the wishes of the people of those States.

Since then boundaries of States have been reorganised many times. Then a number of princely states merged with the newly independent Indian union. Since then boundaries of States have been reorganised many times. During this entire period, not only did boundaries of States change, but in some cases, even their names changed according to the wishes of the people of those States. Thus, Mysore changed to Karnataka and Madras became Tamil Nadu.

During this entire period, not only did boundaries of States change, but in some cases, even their names changed according to the wishes of the people of those States. Since then boundaries of States have been reorganised many times. During this entire period, not only did boundaries of States change, but in some cases, even their names changed according to the wishes of the people of those States. Thus, Mysore changed to Karnataka and Madras became Tamil Nadu. The maps show these large scale changes that have taken place in the span of over seventy years.